A hatályos büntetőeljárási törvény egyes változásainak vizsgálata a szervezett bűnözés elleni fellépés tükrében

Cél: Bűn nem maradhat büntetlenül – tartja a mondás. A szervezett bűnözői csoportok tevékenységeinek állandó változása miatt kiemelt rendőrségi feladattá vált azok bomlasztása, illetve felszámolása. A szervezett bűnözés elleni fellépést segítik elő többek között a hazai jogszabályok is, ezek között a büntetőeljárásról szóló 2017. évi XC. törvény olyan fejezetei, ami a titkos információgyűjtést 2018. július 1-jétől, a törvény kihirdetésétől alapjaiban megváltoztatta. Ezért annak a gyakorlati, jogalkalmazói megjelenése, új lehetséges szervezeti modellje, továbbá az Európai Unió más tagállamaiban kialakított megoldásainak összehasonlítása nélkülözhetetlen. A szerző tanulmányával kifejezetten a Be. törvény jogalkalmazói gyakorlatát kívánja vizsgálni a bűnügyi felderítés területén, különösen a jogászi hivatásrendek, az ügyészség és a nyomozó hatóság szemszögéből, mivel a büntetőeljárás mindennapi alkalmazása során merülhet fel számos olyan jelenség, ami a lehetséges problémákra rávilágíthat. Kutatási kérdésként került megfogalmazásra, hogy hazánkban a szervezett bűnözés elleni fellépést mennyire segítették elő a hatályos büntetőeljárási törvény egyes változásai? Módszertan: Az alkalmazott kutatási módszerekkel a cél, hogy az elmélet és a gyakorlat összhangja bemutatásra kerüljön. A tanulmány tartalmaz többekközött leíró elemzést, fogalmi, jogintézményi és szervezeti vonatkozásban, illetve joggyakorlat-elemzést és jogszabályelemzést. A kutatás alapját képezi egy esettanulmány, amelyben jelenleg is nyomozás folyik emberkereskedelem bűntett elkövetése miatt, illetve az Európai Unión belüli tagállamok mint részes felek közös nyomozó csoport felállításáról állapodtak meg. Az esettanulmány által lesz lehetőség arra is, hogy a nemzetközi bűnügyi együttműködés kapcsán megjelenő esetleges akadályok megfigyelésre kerüljenek, ehhez kapcsolódik még a koronavírus-járvány idején felmerülő egyéb akadályozó tényezők feltárása. Az esettanulmány elemzését megelőzően spontán interjúk készítésére is sor került rendőri és igazságügyi oldalról is. A rendőri oldalt tekintve felderítőkkel, igazságügyi oldalról pedig ügyészekkel készültek az interjúk. A kutatás során a szerző kitekintést tesz az Európai Unió más tagállamai által kialakított eljárásokra is. Megállapítások: A hazai büntetőeljáráson belül a leplezett eszközök megjelenése, átalakítása – a tanulmány kapcsán készült kutatás szerint – eltérően mutatkozik a rendőri és az ügyészi oldalon. A közös nyomozó csoport hatékonysága a gyakorlatban több szempontból is jól nyomon követhető. A nemzetközi érintettségű ügyekben az eljárásjogi akadályok kiküszöbölésére, illetve a nemzetközi bűnügyi és igazságügyi együttműködés kapcsán is számos előnyt jelent, ha a tagállamok közös nyomozó csoport felállításában állapodnak meg. Érték: A tanulmányban megállapítottak alkalmasak lehetnek a gyakorlatban dolgozó nyomozó hatóságok tagjai számára, akik nemzetközi vonatkozású ügyekben érintettek, illetve az ügyészség számára is egyfajta keresztmetszetet nyújt a jelenlegi helyzetről, további cél, hogy a leírtak megfontolásra kerüljenek. Mindemellett a tanulmány kitekintést is nyújt a nemzetközi bűnügyi együttműködés megvalósulására a koronavírus-járvány idején.Alternate : Aim: Crime cannot go unpunished – so the saying goes. The ever-changing activities of organised crime groups have made disrupting and dismantling them a priority for the police. Among other things, the fight against organised crime is facilitated by domestic legislation, including the chapters of Act XC of 2017 on the Code of Criminal Procedure, which fundamentally changed the collection of secret information from 1 July 2018, when the Act was promulgated. Therefore, its practical and law enforcement manifestation, its new possible organisational model, as well as the comparison with the solutions developed in other EuropeanUnion Member States are indispensable. The author with her study specifically intended to examine the practice of the application of the Criminal Procedure Act in the field of criminal investigation, in particular from the perspective of the legal professions, the prosecution and the investigating authority, since the everyday application of criminal procedure may give rise to a number of phenomena that may highlight potential problems. A research question was formulated: to what extent has the fight against organised crime in Hungary been facilitated by certain changes in the existing Criminal Procedure Act? Methodology: The aim of the research methods used is to demonstrate the consistency of theory and practice. The study includes, inter alia, descriptive analysis in conceptual, institutional and organisational aspects, as well as case law analysis and legislative analysis. The research is based on a case study of an ongoing investigation into the crime of trafficking in human beings and the fact that Member States within the European Union have agreed to set up a joint investigation team as parties to the case. The case study will also provide an opportunity to monitor possible obstacles to international criminal cooperation, including the identification of other obstacles that may have arisen during the coronavirus epidemic. Prior to the analysis of the case study, spontaneous interviews were also conducted with police and judicial authorities. Interviews were conducted with investigators on the police side and prosecutors on the judicial side. In the course of the research, the author also looks at the procedures developed in other EU Member States. Findings: The emergence and transformation of disguised instruments in domestic criminal proceedings – according to the research carried out for the study – differs between the police and the prosecution. In practice, the effectiveness of the joint investigation team can be traced in several ways. In cases with an international dimension, there are a number of advantages to be gained from Member States agreeing to set up a joint investigation team, both in terms of removing procedural obstacles and in terms of international criminal and judicial cooperation. Value: The findings of the study may be useful for practitioners in the investigative authorities involved in cases with an international dimension, as well as for the prosecution service, to provide a cross-section of the current situation, with the additional aim of giving the issues described here some consideration. In addition, the study also provides an insight into the implementation of international criminal cooperation in the period of the coronavirus epidemic.

Trinidad and Tobago and money laundering control: a country committed to strengthening the link

PurposeIn 2008, the author wrote on the Concept of "Money Laundering Control: The Missing Link in Trinidad and Tobago. Now, approximately two years after that seminal assessment, the author has re-assessed the domestic anti-money laundering (AML) framework, with particular reference to the controls in place to address money laundering (ML) and the confiscation of the proceeds of crime. This paper aims to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of the newly implemented regime and considers whether it meets international standards.Design/methodology/approachThis analysis embraces a pluralist approach. Within this assessment, a case study method is used with contextual qualitative analysis. Empirical data is analyzed and causal connections are linked to the analysis.FindingsThis research highlights catalytic change and creativity in addressing deficiencies within the AML architecture in Trinidad and Tobago. Upon analysis, it is pellucid that a radically altered criminal justice landscape has emerged and a more aggressive and targeted approach to address ML and the confiscation of the proceeds of crime is apparent. The result is a shift in paradigm with tangible outcomes to suggest that the strategies have borne fruit and that the twin island Republic is indeed committed to strengthening the link.Research limitations/implicationsFindings are limited to Trinidad and Tobago and to the period ended April 2020.Originality/valueAs a country with a medium to high ML risk, the possible negative socio-economic effects of ML cannot be underscored. Disruption of ML and the confiscation of the proceeds of crime are, therefore, imperative. This paper considers the progress made in addressing these pertinent issues and assists in assessing the effects of the reformation efforts undertaken by Trinidad and Tobago.

Status of mandatory treatment of mentally ill offenders without criminal responsibility in China: Information from 5,262 mandatory treatment judgments.

Background: To avoid public health risks, all governments ensure monitoring and treatment of mentally ill persons if they offend and assess their level of criminal responsibility. The Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China (2013) instituted special procedures. However, there are few articles in English which explain the implementation of mandatory treatment procedures in China. Methods: We collected 5,262 qualified documents from 2013 to 2021 from the China Judgments Documents Online. We analyzed social demographic characteristics, trial-related information as well as the mandatory treatment-related content, to investigate the mandatory treatment of China's mentally ill offenders without criminal responsibility, from 2013 to 2021. Simple descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to compare differences among several types of documents. Results: There was an overall change trend of the number of documents: increasing year by year from 2013 to 2019 after the implementation of the new law, but with sharp decrease in 2020 and 2021 during covid-19 pandemic. From 2013 to 2021, a total of 3,854 people had applications made for mandatory treatment, of whom 3,747 (97.2%) were given mandatory treatment, 107 (2.8%) had applications rejected. "Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders" was the most common diagnosis in both groups and all offenders receiving mandatory treatment (3,747, 100.0%) were considered to have no criminal responsibility. A total of 1,294 patients had applications made for relief of mandatory treatment, of whom 827 (63.9%) were subsequently approved for relief, 467 (36.1%) were rejected. A total of 118 patients had applications for relief two or more times, and 56 (47.5%) were finally relieved. Conclusion: Our study presents the Chinese model of a criminal mandatory treatment system to the international community which has been in operation since the implementation of the new law. Legislatory changes and covid-19 pandemic can have effect on the number of mandatory treatment cases. Patients, their close relatives and mandatory treatment institutions have the right to apply for relief from mandatory treatment, but the final decision in China is taken by the court.

The Impacts of COVID-19 on Criminal Legal Proceedings and Victim Advocacy for Sexual Assault Survivors

This study examines how sexual assault criminal legal proceedings and victim advocacy services for survivors have been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. We interviewed 12 victim advocates at a sexual assault service organization in a large Midwestern city that was particularly impacted by the pandemic. Results indicate that there have been major disruptions to sexual assault case timelines and communication with victims. Victim advocacy for survivors has also been affected, especially the provision of court advocacy and accompaniment. We discuss implications of these findings for sexual assault survivors, service providers, and future emergency preparedness planning for the criminal legal system.

Ensuring the Constitutional Rights and Freedoms of Participants in Criminal Proceedings in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The emergence of new threats and risks caused by coronavirus infection and previously not predicted in the main documents of the national strategic development has led to the transformation of law and legal science. The participants in the criminal proceedings were assigned additional duties of a public legal nature, which affected the ability to directly participate in the procedural actions, as well as to fully exercise constitutional rights and freedoms during the preliminary investigation and trial. In turn, representatives of the judicial and investigative authorities faced serious difficulties in fulfilling the requirements of criminal procedure and other legislation that is not adapted to such crisis situations on a global scale. The purpose of the study is to develop scientifically based and practically significant recommendations aimed at ensuring the constitutional rights and freedoms of participants in criminal proceedings in the conditions of the new coronavirus infection, regardless of their procedural and legal status. Research objectives: analysis of the world experience in the formation of criminal procedural mechanisms to ensure the rights and freedoms of participants in legal proceedings in connection with countering the spread of COVID-19;study of the activities of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the judicial community in the context of a pandemic crisis;identification of features of the digital transformation of criminal proceedings in the context of countering the spread of the coronavirus pandemic (including the use of video conferencing systems-connections);substantiation of measures for further development of legislation and improvement of law enforcement practice aimed at ensuring the constitutional rights and freedoms of participants in criminal proceedings in a crisis situation. Research methodology: dialectical method of cognition, general scientific methods of ion, analysis and synthesis, special legal methods (comparative legal, logical legal, etc.). Conclusion: the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the need to improve the criminal procedural mechanisms for the effective functioning of criminal proceedings. Additional incentives are required to search for new conceptual ideas and scientifically based solutions aimed at ensuring the constitutional rights and legitimate interests of participants in legal proceedings who are in selfisolation. The expediency of modernizing legislation and improving law enforcement practice along the way of introducing modern information technologies into the domestic criminal process and the progressive transition from a simple written form to electronic legal proceedings is argued. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR]

PROBLEMATIC ISSUES OF ATTRACTING CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE CRIMES AGAINST INDUSTRIAL SAFETY

Мета. Дати рекомендацп по вдосконаленню нормативно-правових актш щодо регулювання вщповщних правовщносин у сферi кримшалтци дшнь, пов'язаних İ3 порушенням законодавства про охорону пращ. Методика. Дослщження проблемних питань притягнення до вщповщальноста за порушення вимог законодавства про охорону пращ здшснювалося через вивчення та аналш: законодавчо! бази Украши;робта науковщв у вщповщних галузях;аналшу судово! практики (на прикладi аналiзу судово! практики за справами, розглянутими судами загально! юрисдикци Днiпропетровськоī областi та Верховним Судом за останш 3 роки) з питань притягнення осШ до кримшально! вiдповiдальностi за ч.ч. 1, 2 ст. 271 Кримшального кодексу Укра!ни «Порушення шення вимог законодавства про охорону пращ». Результата. Виявлеш окремi проблеми, що виникають при формуваннi кримiнально-правовоī практики притягнення до вщповщальноста осiб, обвинувачених у скоeннi кримiнальних правопорушень, пов'язаних и порушенням законодавства про працю, що призвело до спричинення шкоди здоров'ю працiвника або його загибелi, у тому чи

Análisis de inconstitucionalidad de la suspensión de plazos procesales penales en el marco del Covid-19

En el marco de la pandemia de Covid-19, Ecuador se ha declarado en Estado de Emergencia Sanitaria y Estado de Excepción, incidiendo directamente en el ejercicio de sus deberes, en especial en materia judicial frente al volumen de causas procesadas en la Jurisdicción Ordinaria. Al respecto La Corte Nacional de Justicia a través de la Resolución No. 04-2020 indicó la suspensión de términos previstos por la ley para los procesos judiciales, excepto en flagrancia, durante la vigencia del Estado de emergencia sanitaria, limitando el acceso oportuno a una Justicia plena. De aquí que el presente trabajo, mediante una metodología cualitativa, intente develar la inconstitucionalidad del aplazamiento del acceso a la Justicia eficaz. Se obtuvo que la medida vulnera el debido proceso reconocido en el Art. 76 de la Constitución, las garantías procesales y desconoce el principio de razonabilidad establecido en la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos, así como normativa subsiguiente.Alternate :In the framework of the Covid-19 pandemic, Ecuador has declared itself in a State of Health Emergency and a State of Exception, which has directly affected the exercise of its duties, especially in judicial matters, given the volume of cases processed in the Ordinary Jurisdiction. In this regard, the National Court of Justice through Resolution No. 04-2020 indicated the suspension of terms or terms provided by law for judicial processes, except in flagrante delicto, during the validity of the State of health emergency, which limited timely and effective access to full Justice. Hence, this work seeks, through qualitative methodology, to reveal the unconstitutionality of the postponement of access to effective Justice. Was obtained that the measure violates the due process recognized in Article 76 of the Constitution, the procedural guarantees and ignores the principle of reasonableness established in the American Convention on Human Rights, as well as subsequent regulations

The Effects of SARS-CoV-2 on Criminal Procedure in Germany

The German legal system and, in particular, German criminal procedure have been severely affected by the Corona Virus pandemic. The Konzentrationsmaxime, the maxim that the main hearing should be consolidated into as short a timeframe as possible in order to expedite proceedings, the Unmittelbarkeitsgrundsatz, the principle that witnesses must be present in person, and the offentlichkeitsgrundsatz, the principle that the oral proceedings in criminal litigation should be open to the public in order to guarantee transparency, have all been called into question. The requirement to consolidate the main hearing can no longer be guaranteed due to unavoidable interruptions in the trials in accordance with the newly established Section 10 of the Introductory Law to Germany's Criminal Procedure Code (Einfuhrungsgesetz zur Strafprozessordnung;EGStPO) which aims to minimize the risk of infection. Wide-ranging curfews have been imposed so that the general public can no longer leave their homes to attend a court hearing as a spectator. The Beschleunigungsgrundsatz, the principle of expedited criminal proceedings, is being challenged by longer periods of pre-trial detention due to trials having to be suspended in the face of the pandemic. One further obstacle is the measures implemented in order to impede infections with the disease within the period of pre-trial detention whilst other hygiene measures, such as the requirement to wear a face mask in the courtroom, could well clash with the newly established ban on facial concealment (Verhullungsverbot). In this article, the problems mentioned above are examined in more detail in order to provide an overview of the situation involving criminal proceedings in a Germany firmly in the grip of COVID-19. In addition, the situation reignites previous discussions on the further digitalization of criminal proceedings - this time as a solution for the ongoing threat of infection.

TWO-WITNESS RULE DURING HOME SEARCH IN THE LIGHT OF THE COVID PANDEMIC

Authors are analysing the extent of acceptance of rule on mandatory presence of two witnesses during a home search in national criminal proceedings in EU Member States. While some police powers in Croatia are regulated using modern forms of protection of suspects' rights, some other investigative actions are regulated using rules that are uncommon in EU. Home search has a historic model of obligatory presence of two witnesses. These witnesses are often randomly selected among citizens, they are not legalprofessionals. A suspect has no right to reject witnesses if he considers that they could violate his privacy or health rights. Besides that, the Two-witness Rule has a peculiar impact on the evidence law. Items found during home search cannot be legally used if only one witness was present. According to such consequence, this rule actually requires a certain number of witnesses to prove a fact. Such requirements on number of witnesses have been abandoned in modern evidence law. The results of the analysis of the EU Member States show that the rule on the mandatory presence of two witnesses is widespread only in some post-communist systems. When it comes to EU criminal procedure codes (CPCs), the mandatory presence of witnesses exists in Croatian, Slovenian and Bulgarian CPC. The study is showing influence of former Russian CPC in post-Soviet era as well as the influence of former Yugoslav CPC. Regarded as the relic of the past, these procedural guarantees of home inviolability in the cases of home search should be reassessed and improved. In the context of COVID crisis, mandatory presence of witnesses presents challenge for the protection of suspect's and witnesses' health. Observed from the suspect's right to protect his health or the witnesses' right not to expose themselves to potentially health endangered situations, find- ing witnesses presents even more complexed mission. If the suspect is in COVID quarantine and the search must be conducted, can witnesses be forced to enter such premises? In case that suspect requires fully vaccinated witnesses who can present valid COVID Certificate or negative PCR test, how could his requirement be fulfilled? The possible solution for both evidence law and health reasons could be the use of modern technologies such as video recording that could replace mandatory witnesses presence. Finally, it would be more appropriate to respect the suspect's choice on protection of his rights or to use modern technical means or defence lawyer, as in other investigative actions in criminal procedure.

Harmonization of Cyber Crime laws with the Constitutional Law in Indonesia

The current study aimed to examine the harmonization of cybercrime in the Indonesian constitutional law by reviewing its status. The focus of this study was on different aspects of cybercrime in the constitutional law and to tind out the extent to which harmonization of cybercrime has taken place. The study adopted sociological research approach along with the application of the theory of law enforcement. The legal aspects of law enforcement policies for cyber security and proving cybercrime were used to conduct the review and analysis. These legal aspects are firmly documented in various Indonesian regulations and laws, such as Indonesian Criminal Code, Act 11 of 2008, Act 19 of 2016, and the Constitutional Law code number 20/PUU-XIV/2016. The 2001 Convention on the cybercrime proposed by European Union had emphasized the harmonization of Indonesian cybercrime regulations with the international regulations and constitutional law. The policies of law enforcement that were to be harmonized and applied for cybercrime minimization involved both penal and non-penal approaches. Some of the policies were strictly specific to the public sector, or the private sector or the military so there is yet a significant requirement of further harmonization of the cybercrime, in the constitutional law while focusing on all of the sectors and bodies equally.

IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

A common trend in the development of criminal proceedings over the last decade has been the penetration of modern digital technology. To a certain extent, the digitalisation of criminal proceedings has been a natural consequence of a qualitative change in crime and an increase in the number of offences committed through the use of modern technology. However, the degree of digitalisation of the criminal process varies considerably from state to state. The COVID-19 pandemic that has engulfed the world has severely challenged courts and law enforcement agencies. The criminal justice system has been confronted with unforeseen challenges and new procedural tools have to be found to address them. The resolution of the contradiction between social distance and the right of citizens to access to justice forced courts to use modern information technology more frequently. However, the pandemic has also revealed organisational and regulatory difficulties that make their use difficult. The authors believe that further scientific development of the problems of digitalization of criminal proceedings will contribute to the smooth administration of justice in criminal cases, even in emergency situations and special regimes. The article analyses prospective directions of digitalization which will contribute to the optimization of criminal proceedings. These directions include application of digital technologies for detection and investigation of crimes, criminal evidence, optimization of routine processes in criminal proceedings and use of artificial intelligence in making procedural decisions. The authors emphasise that the main factor limiting the use of digital technology is the significant lag in the regulatory framework that does not allow the use of a particular technology in the due process of law. The authors propose to regulate by law the issue of determining the reasonableness of the duration of court proceedings, taking into account the epidemiological situation. In conclusion, we substantiate a system of conditions, the fulfilment of which will be a prerequisite for the productive digitalisation of Russian criminal procedure in the post-pandemic era. Key issues are suggested for further constructive scientific discussion, the results of which should be reflected in legislation.

Impact of Corona Pandemic (Covid-19) on the Conduct of Criminal Investigation

A criminal case is considered the means by which everyone who has empowered himself to violate the law and order and to be exposed to the security, stability, and interests of society, and through it the prosecution of its perpetrator and all who participated in it to impose the appropriate penalty for each of them, and the criminal case is governed by procedural rules in which the authorities determine their powers and the procedures to be followed In investigating and controlling crimes, collecting evidence, prosecuting whoever came to it or whom it was attributed to and adjudicating them, through the stages that the case goes through, and these rules are codified in the Criminal Procedure Law. In addition, the criminal procedures witnessed a qualitative shift in the Kingdom of Bahrain in light of the exceptional circumstances that the countries of the world are experiencing in the outbreak of the emerging coronavirus (Covid-19), and because of these circumstances, the Kingdom of Bahrain has taken precautionary measures to limit the spread of the virus and protect individuals and their interests, and accordingly, the Bahraini legislator amending some provisions of the Criminal Procedure Law, which in turn affected the course of the criminal case, and the most important of these amendments are embodied in the replacement of the traditional method known from the moment the criminal case is initiated, which is to confront the perpetrator face to face, with a modern technological method in which there is a remote confrontation through technologies and devices. Visual and audio within the framework of the implementation of precautionary measures. If this indicates anything, then it indicates the Kingdom's keenness to address such obstacles, which in turn may affect the public interest, but thanks to the integration of modern technologies through virtual innovation, the Kingdom will witness a qualitative leap in the future in dealing with such exceptional circumstances, which in turn it will change the structure of many areas, the most important of which is the legal interface.